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The International Work Addiction Scale (IWAS): A screening tool for clinical and organizational applications validated in 85 cultures from six continents.

dc.contributor.authorCharzyńska, Edyta
dc.contributor.authorBuźniak, Aleksandra
dc.contributor.authorCzerwiński, Stanisław K
dc.contributor.authorWoropay-Hordziejewicz, Natalia
dc.contributor.authorSchneider, Zuzanna
dc.contributor.authorAavik, Toivo
dc.contributor.authorAdamowic, Mladen
dc.contributor.authorAdams, Byron G
dc.contributor.authorAl-Mahjoob, Sami M
dc.contributor.authorAlmoshawah, Saad A S
dc.contributor.authorArrowsmith, Jim
dc.contributor.authorAsatsa, Stephen
dc.contributor.authorAustin, Stéphanie
dc.contributor.authorAziz, Shahnaz
dc.contributor.authorBakker, Arnold B
dc.contributor.authorBalducci, Cristian
dc.contributor.authorBarros, Eduardo
dc.contributor.authorBălțătescu, Sergiu
dc.contributor.authorBdier, Dana
dc.contributor.authorBhatia, Nitesh
dc.contributor.authorBilic, Snezana
dc.contributor.authorBoer, Diana
dc.contributor.authorCaspi, Avner
dc.contributor.authorChaleeraktrakoon, Trawin
dc.contributor.authorChan, Connie I M
dc.contributor.authorChien, Chung-Jen
dc.contributor.authorChoi, Hoon-Seok
dc.contributor.authorChoubisa, Rajneesh
dc.contributor.authorClark, Marilyn
dc.contributor.authorČekrlija, Đorđe
dc.contributor.authorDemetrovics, Zsolt
dc.contributor.authorDervishi, Eglantina
dc.contributor.authorde Zoysa, Piyanjali
dc.contributor.authorDomínguez Espinosa, Alejandra Del Carmen
dc.contributor.authorDragova-Koleva, Sonya
dc.contributor.authorEfstathiou, Vasiliki
dc.contributor.authorFernandez, Maria Eugenia
dc.contributor.authorFernet, Claude
dc.contributor.authorGadelrab, Hesham F
dc.contributor.authorGamsakhurdia, Vladimer
dc.contributor.authorGarðarsdóttir, Ragna Benedikta
dc.contributor.authorGarrido, Luis Eduardo
dc.contributor.authorGillet, Nicolas
dc.contributor.authorGonçalves, Sónia P
dc.contributor.authorGriffiths, Mark D
dc.contributor.authorHakobyan, Naira Rafik
dc.contributor.authorHalim, Fatimah Wati
dc.contributor.authorHansenne, Michel
dc.contributor.authorHasan, Bashar Banwan
dc.contributor.authorHerttalampi, Mari
dc.contributor.authorHlatywayo, Clifford K
dc.contributor.authorHromatko, Ivana
dc.contributor.authorIgou, Eric Raymond
dc.contributor.authorIliško, Dzintra
dc.contributor.authorIsayeva, Ulker
dc.contributor.authorIsmail, Hussein Nabil
dc.contributor.authorJensen, Dorthe Høj
dc.contributor.authorKakupa, Paul
dc.contributor.authorKamble, Shanmukh
dc.contributor.authorKerriche, Ahmed
dc.contributor.authorKubicek, Bettina
dc.contributor.authorKugbey, Nuworza
dc.contributor.authorKun, Bernadette
dc.contributor.authorLee, J Hannah
dc.contributor.authorLisá, Elena
dc.contributor.authorLisun, Yanina
dc.contributor.authorLupano Perugini, María Laura
dc.contributor.authorMarcatto, Francesco
dc.contributor.authorMaslovarić, Biljana
dc.contributor.authorMassoudi, Koorosh
dc.contributor.authorMcFarlane, Tracy A
dc.contributor.authorMgaiwa, Samson John
dc.contributor.authorMoosavi Jahanabad, Seyyed Taha
dc.contributor.authorMoreta-Herrera, Rodrigo
dc.contributor.authorNguyen, Hang Thi Minh
dc.contributor.authorOhtsubo, Yohsuke
dc.contributor.authorÖzsoy, Tuğba
dc.contributor.authorØvergård, Kjell Ivar
dc.contributor.authorPallesen, Ståle
dc.contributor.authorParker, Jane
dc.contributor.authorPlohl, Nejc
dc.contributor.authorPontes, Halley M
dc.contributor.authorPotter, Rachael
dc.contributor.authorRoe, Alan
dc.contributor.authorSamekin, Adil
dc.contributor.authorSchulmeyer, Marion K
dc.contributor.authorSeisembekov, Telman Z
dc.contributor.authorSerrano-Fernández, María José
dc.contributor.authorShahrour, Ghada
dc.contributor.authorMatić, Jelena Sladojević
dc.contributor.authorSobhie, Rosita
dc.contributor.authorSpagnoli, Paola
dc.contributor.authorStory, Joana
dc.contributor.authorSullman, Mark J M
dc.contributor.authorSultanova, Liliya
dc.contributor.authorSun, Ruimei
dc.contributor.authorSuryani, Angela Oktavia
dc.contributor.authorSussman, Steve
dc.contributor.authorTeng-Calleja, Mendiola
dc.contributor.authorTorales, Julio
dc.contributor.authorVera Cruz, Germano
dc.contributor.authorWu, Anise M S
dc.contributor.authorYang, Xue
dc.contributor.authorZabrodska, Katerina
dc.contributor.authorZiedelis, Arunas
dc.contributor.authorAtroszko, Paweł A
dc.date.accessioned2025-06-10T10:44:29Z
dc.date.available2025-06-10T10:44:29Z
dc.date.issued2025-02-25
dc.identifier.citationCharzyńska E, Buźniak A, Czerwiński SK, Woropay-Hordziejewicz N, Schneider Z, Aavik T, Adamowic M, Adams BG, Al-Mahjoob SM, Almoshawah SAS, Arrowsmith J, Asatsa S, Austin S, Aziz S, Bakker AB, Balducci C, Barros E, Bălțătescu S, Bdier D, Bhatia N, Bilic S, Boer D, Caspi A, Chaleeraktrakoon T, Chan CIM, Chien CJ, Choi HS, Choubisa R, Clark M, Čekrlija Đ, Demetrovics Z, Dervishi E, de Zoysa P, Domínguez Espinosa ADC, Dragova-Koleva S, Efstathiou V, Fernandez ME, Fernet C, Gadelrab HF, Gamsakhurdia V, Garðarsdóttir RB, Garrido LE, Gillet N, Gonçalves SP, Griffiths MD, Hakobyan NR, Halim FW, Hansenne M, Hasan BB, Herttalampi M, Hlatywayo CK, Hromatko I, Igou ER, Iliško D, Isayeva U, Ismail HN, Jensen DH, Kakupa P, Kamble S, Kerriche A, Kubicek B, Kugbey N, Kun B, Lee JH, Lisá E, Lisun Y, Lupano Perugini ML, Marcatto F, Maslovarić B, Massoudi K, McFarlane TA, Mgaiwa SJ, Moosavi Jahanabad ST, Moreta-Herrera R, Nguyen HTM, Ohtsubo Y, Özsoy T, Øvergård KI, Pallesen S, Parker J, Plohl N, Pontes HM, Potter R, Roe A, Samekin A, Schulmeyer MK, Seisembekov TZ, Serrano-Fernández MJ, Shahrour G, Matić JS, Sobhie R, Spagnoli P, Story J, Sullman MJM, Sultanova L, Sun R, Suryani AO, Sussman S, Teng-Calleja M, Torales J, Vera Cruz G, Wu AMS, Yang X, Zabrodska K, Ziedelis A, Atroszko PA. The International Work Addiction Scale (IWAS): A screening tool for clinical and organizational applications validated in 85 cultures from six continents. J Behav Addict. 2025 Feb 25;14(1):220-245. doi: 10.1556/2006.2025.00005. PMID: 39998574; PMCID: PMC11974427.en_US
dc.identifier.pmid39998574
dc.identifier.doi10.1556/2006.2025.00005
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10147/645290
dc.descriptionBackground and aims: Despite the last decade's significant development in the scientific study of work addiction/workaholism, this area of research is still facing a fundamental challenge, namely the need for a valid and reliable measurement tool that shows cross-cultural invariance and, as such, allows for worldwide studies on this phenomenon. Methods: An initial 16-item questionnaire, developed within an addiction framework, was administered alongside job stress, job satisfaction, and self-esteem measures in a total sample of 31,352 employees from six continents and 85 cultures (63.5% females, mean age of 39.24 years). Results: Based on theoretical premises and psychometric testing, the International Work Addiction Scale (IWAS) was developed as a short measure representing essential features of work addiction. The seven-item version (IWAS-7), covering all seven components of work addiction, showed partial scalar invariance across 81 cultures, while the five-item version (IWAS-5) showed it across all 85 cultures. Higher levels of work addiction on both versions were associated with higher job stress, lower job satisfaction, and lower self-esteem across cultures. The optimal cut-offs for the IWAS-7 (24 points) and IWAS-5 (18 points) were established with an overall accuracy of 96% for both versions. Discussion and conclusions: The IWAS is a valid, reliable, and short screening scale that can be used in different cultures and languages, providing comparative and generalizable results. The scale can be used globally in clinical and organizational settings, with the IWAS-5 being recommended for most practical and clinical situations. This is the first study to provide data supporting the hypothesis that work addiction is a universal phenomenon worldwide.en_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherAkJournalsen_US
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/*
dc.subjectBergen Work Addiction Scaleen_US
dc.subjectcompulsive overworkingen_US
dc.subjectcross-culturalen_US
dc.subjectvalidation studyen_US
dc.subjectwork addictionen_US
dc.subjectworkaholismen_US
dc.titleThe International Work Addiction Scale (IWAS): A screening tool for clinical and organizational applications validated in 85 cultures from six continents.en_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.identifier.eissn2063-5303
dc.identifier.journalJournal of behavioral addictionsen_US
dc.identifier.pmcidPMC11974427
dc.source.journaltitleJournal of behavioral addictions
dc.source.volume14
dc.source.issue1
dc.source.beginpage220
dc.source.endpage245
refterms.dateFOA2025-06-10T10:44:32Z
dc.source.countryUnited States
dc.source.countryHungary


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Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International